Explain the meaning of international terrorism. How does it impact border security?
This report examines international terrorist actions,
threats, U.S. policies and responses. It reviews the nation’s use of tools at
its disposal to combat terrorism, from diplomacy, international cooperation,
and constructive engagement to physical security enhancement, economic
sanctions, covert action, and military unit .
A modern trend in terrorism appears to be toward loosely
organized, self-financed, international networks of terrorists. Increasingly,
radical Islamist groups, or groups using religion as a pretext, pose a
significant threat to U.S. interests and to friendly regimes. Of concern also
is that the growing political participation of extremist Islamist parties in
foreign nations. Explain the meaning of international terrorism. How does it impact border security? Also noteworthy is that the apparent growth of cross-national links
among different terrorist organizations, which can involve combinations of
training , funding, technology transfer, or political advice.
Looming over the whole issue of terrorism is that the
specter of proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD). Iran, seen
because the most active state sponsor of terrorism, has been secretly
conducting—and now openly seeks—uranium enrichment, and North Korea has both
admitted to having a clandestine program for uranium enrichment and claimed to
possess nuclear weapons. Indications have also surfaced that Al Qaeda has
attempted to accumulate chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear
weapons.
U.S. policy toward terrorism contains a big military
component, reflected in U.S. operations in Afghanistan, deployment of U.S.
forces elsewhere for specific missions, and, consistent with the Administration
and its supporters, the war in Iraq. problems with interest to the 110th
Congress include whether the Administration is providing sufficient information
about the long-term goals and costs of its diverse strategy and whether
military unit is an optimally Explain the meaning of international terrorism. How does it impact border security? effective anti-terrorism instrument in comparison
with other methods like intelligence-enhanced enforcement and pro-active public
diplomacy.
Increasingly, a good range of well-funded charitable and
publicity activities of radical Islamist groups has led to broadened acceptance
of extremist views in target populations. To the extent that nations fail to
effectively address this “cold war of ideology,” a growing proportion of the
world’s Moslem youth may get older embracing extremist views that would ultimately
cause increased terrorism.
As terrorism may be a global phenomenon, a serious challenge
facing policymakers is the way to maximize international cooperation and
support without unduly compromising important U.S. national security interests
and options. Explain the meaning of international terrorism. How does it impact border security? Other significant policy challenges include. the way to minimize
the economic and civil liberties costs of an enhanced/tightened security
environment, and the way to combat incitement to terrorism, especially in
instances where such activity is state sponsored or countenanced. This report
are going to be updated periodically.
This report examines international terrorist actions,
threats, U.S. policies and responses. It reviews the nation's use of tools at
its disposal to combat terrorism, from diplomacy, international cooperation,
and constructive engagement to physical security enhancement, economic
sanctions, covert action, and military unit .
A modern trend in terrorism appears to be toward loosely
organized, self-financed, international networks of terrorists. Increasingly,
radical Islamist groups, or groups using religion as a pretext, pose a
significant threat to U.S. interests and to friendly regimes. Of concern also
is that the growing political participation of extremist Islamist parties in
foreign nations. Also noteworthy is that the apparent growth of cross-national
links among different terrorist organizations, which can involve combinations
of training , funding, technology transfer, or political advice.
Looming over the whole issue of terrorism is that the
specter of proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD). Iran, seen
because the most active state sponsor of terrorism, has been secretly
conducting—and now openly seeks—uranium enrichment, and North Korea has both
admitted to having a clandestine program for uranium enrichment and claimed to
possess nuclear weapons. Indications have also surfaced that Al Qaeda has
attempted to accumulate chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear
weapons.
U.S. policy toward terrorism contains a big military
component, reflected in U.S. operations in Afghanistan, deployment of U.S.
forces elsewhere for specific missions, and, consistent with the Administration
and its supporters, the war in Iraq. problems with interest to the 110th
Congress include whether the Administration is providing sufficient information
about the long-term goals and costs of its diverse strategy and whether
military unit is an optimally effective anti-terrorism instrument in comparison
with other methods like intelligence-enhanced enforcement and pro-active public
diplomacy.
Increasingly, a good range of well-funded charitable and
publicity activities of radical Islamist groups has led to broadened acceptance
of extremist views in target populations. To the extent that nations fail to
effectively address this "cold war of ideology," a growing proportion
of the world's Moslem youth may get older embracing extremist views that would
ultimately cause increased terrorism.
As terrorism may be a global phenomenon, a serious challenge
facing policymakers is the way to maximize international cooperation and
support without unduly compromising important U.S. national security interests
and options. Other significant policy challenges include the way to minimize
the economic and civil liberties costs of an enhanced/tightened security
environment, and the way to combat incitement to terrorism, especially in
instances where such activity is state sponsored or countenanced. This report
are going to be updated periodically.
The Administration's response to the 9/11 , 2001 events was
swift, wide-ranging, and decisive. After Administration officials attributed
responsibility for the attack to Osama bin Laden and therefore the Al Qaeda
organization, there was an announced policy shift from deterrence to
preemption, generally mentioned because the "Bush Doctrine."1 Given
the doubtless catastrophic consequences of terrorist attacks employing weapons
of mass destruction (WMD), Administration decisionmakers felt that the us
couldn't afford to take a seat back, await attacks to occur, then respond.
The nation was mobilized; combating terrorism and crippling
Al Qaeda became top national priorities. Preemptive use of military unit
against foreign terrorist groups and infrastructure gained increasing
acceptance in Administration policy circles. Explain the meaning of international terrorism. How does it impact border security? A full-scale campaign was
launched, using all elements of national and international power, to travel
after Al Qaeda and its affiliates and support structures. The campaign involved
rallying the international community, especially enforcement and intelligence
components, to pack up Al Qaeda cells and financial networks.
A U.S. operation was initiated in early October, 2001
against the Taliban regime—which had harbored Al Qaeda since 1996—and against
Al Qaeda strongholds in Afghanistan. a complete of 136 countries offered a
variety of military assistance to the us , including overflight and landing
rights and accommodations for U.S. forces.
As a result, the Taliban was faraway from power, all known
Al Qaeda training sites were destroyed, and variety of Taliban and Al Qaeda
leaders were killed or detained. Since then, consistent with President Bush in
his address to the state on May Day , 2003, nearly half the known Al Qaeda leadership
has been captured or killed. Notwithstanding, top Al Qaeda leaders Osama bin
Laden and Ayman al Zawahiri, also because the Taliban leader Mullah Mohammed
Omar, apparently remain at large, and a resurgence of Taliban warlords and
militia is reportedly occurring in Southern and Northern Afghanistan.
On Saint Joseph , 2003, after an intensive military buildup
within the Persian Gulf , the us launched the war against Iraq, at the time one
among seven nations on the State Department's sponsors of terrorism list, with
an attack on a suspected meeting site of Explain the meaning of international terrorism. How does it impact border security? Hussein . President Bush, in his
January 28, 2003 State of the Union Address, had emphasized the threat posed to
world security by a Hussein armed with weapons of mass destruction and stated
that Iraq "aids and protects" the Al Qaeda terrorist group .2 After a
swift campaign , President Bush announced on April 15, 2003 that "the
regime of Hussein is not any more." Hussein was arrested by U.S. personnel
December 13, 2003, near his hometown of Tikrit.
In addition to U.S. troops currently in Afghanistan and
Iraq, U.S. forces are dispatched to Yemen, the Philippines, and therefore the
former Soviet Republic of Georgia to coach local militaries to fight
terrorists. In FY2002 and FY2003, the Administration sought and received
funding (subject to annual review) for U.S. military aid to Colombia to support
the Colombian government's "unified campaign against narcotics
trafficking, terrorist activities, and other threats to its national
security." Similar authorization was granted for FY2004-FY2006.
Previously, such assistance had been restricted to supporting counternarcotics
operations in Colombia.
A Valentine Day , 2003 National Strategy for Combating
Terrorism gave added emphasis to the role of international cooperation,
enforcement and economic development in countering terrorism.3 within the
context of this campaign, the us has stepped up intelligence-sharing and
enforcement cooperation with other governments to uproot terrorist cells.4
Experts believe that terrorist cells are operating not just
in places where they're welcomed or tolerated, but in many other areas also ,
including Western Europe and therefore the us . consistent with Patterns of
worldwide Terrorism 2003 (Patterns 2003), as of January 2003 an aggressive law
of nations enforcement effort had resulted in detention of roughly 3,000
terrorists and their supporters in additional than 100 countries and within the
freezing of $124 million in assets in some 600 bank accounts round the world,
including $36 million within the us alone.5 On June 2, 2003, the G-8 leaders
publicized plans, subsequently implemented, to make a Counter-Terrorism Action
Group to help nations in enhancing their anti-terrorism capabilities through
initiatives including outreach to countries within the area of
counter-terrorism cooperation, and providing capacity building assistance
to nations with insufficient capacity to fight terrorism.6
An encouraging check in the anti-terrorism struggle has been
the apparent willingness of certain previously recalcitrant states to distance
themselves from terrorism and/or development of weapons of mass destruction.
Libya renounced its WMD programs on December 21, 2003, and has cooperated
extensively with the us and therefore the international community in
dismantling those programs. Sudan, in cooperation with U.S. enforcement and
intelligence agencies, has arrested Al Qaeda members and "by and
large" pack up Al Qaeda training camps on its territory.
In contrast, Iran, consistent with the Department of State,
remained the first state sponsor of terrorism in 2005 and has been actively
conducting a longstanding nuclear development program, raising concerns within
the international community that Iran's nuclear ambitions extend well beyond
nuclear research, with direct implications for a number of ongoing terrorist
activities.7
In order to debar punitive action by the International
nuclear energy Agency (IAEA) Board of Governors, Iran, on December 19, 2003,
signed an agreement to suspend its enrichment-related and reprocessing
activities and to permit international inspections of its nuclear facilities.
Intensive inspections, however, revealed likely violations of its suspension
obligations, hence in late 2005, the IAEA Board of Governors voted to call Iran
into noncompliance with its Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) obligations.
Explain the meaning of international terrorism. How does it impact border security? The U.N. Security Council passed a resolution on July 31, 2006, giving Iran a
one-month deadline to suits demands for halting enrichment, or face possible sanctions.8
Notwithstanding, Iran insists on the "right" to continue its
enrichment program under the label of "nuclear research," ostensibly
for its energy industry.9 Iran didn't suits the stress of the Resolution,
consistent with a report by the International nuclear energy Agency (IAEA)
dated August 31, 2006 (Gov/2006/53).10
Media reports of varying credibility suggest that Osama bin
Laden is curious about joining the WMD procurement game, but open-source
evidence so far remains scant. A London Daily Telegraph dispatch of December
14, 2001, cited "long discussions" between bin Laden and Pakistani
nuclear scientists concerning nuclear, chemical and biological weapons.14
Earlier, on November 12, 2001, Time magazine reported that a bin Explain the meaning of international terrorism. How does it impact border security? Laden emissary
tried to shop for radioactive material from an nuclear power plant in Bulgaria,
and cited the September 1998 arrest in Germany of an alleged bin Laden
associate on charges of trying to shop for reactor fuel.15 BBC reports cite the
invention by intelligence officials of documents indicating that Al Qaeda had
built a radiological "dirty" bomb near Herat in Western Afghanistan.
16 In January, 2003 British authorities reportedly disrupted a plot to use the
poison ricin against personnel in England.17