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B.E.C.E – 016
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS AND CONTEMPORARY
ISSUES IGNOU BECE 016 Solved Assignment 2023-24
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NOTE: All questions are compulsory.
Section
A
Answer
the following in about 500 words each.
Q1. Discuss the major environmental issues and concerns
associated with economic development. Discuss major challenges to India’s
environment.
Air Pollution:
India is grappling with severe air pollution, particularly in its major cities.
The rapid industrialization and a surge in the number of vehicles have led to
high levels of air pollution, with adverse health effects on the population.
Emissions from industrial processes, construction activities, and the burning
of fossil fuels contribute to this problem.
Water Pollution:
Water pollution is a significant concern in India, as industrial effluents,
untreated sewage, and agricultural runoff contaminate rivers and water bodies.
This pollution affects not only water quality but also the health of the people
who depend on these water sources for drinking and irrigation.
Deforestation:
Economic development has led to increased deforestation, driven by activities
like logging, mining, and urban expansion. Deforestation not only reduces
biodiversity but also contributes to soil erosion and disruption of local
ecosystems.
Loss of
Biodiversity: India is home to a rich and diverse range of flora and fauna, but
economic development has led to habitat destruction and fragmentation. This has
resulted in the endangerment and extinction of several species, affecting
ecological balance.
Soil Erosion
and Land Degradation: Industrial and agricultural activities, as well as
improper land use practices, have led to soil erosion and land degradation.
This affects agricultural productivity, food security, and the sustainability
of rural communities.
Waste
Management: As the economy grows, so does the volume of waste generated. India
faces challenges in managing solid waste, hazardous waste, and electronic
waste. Inadequate waste disposal systems and recycling facilities contribute to
environmental degradation.
Climate Change:
Increased greenhouse gas emissions from industrial processes, transportation,
and energy production contribute to global climate change. India is vulnerable
to climate impacts such as extreme weather events, rising temperatures, and
changing precipitation patterns.
Natural
Resource Depletion: The rapid industrialization and urbanization of India have
led to the depletion of natural resources like minerals, water, and arable
land. This can have long-term consequences for the economy and environment.
Overexploitation
of Fisheries: Overfishing and destructive fishing practices have led to the
depletion of marine resources. This threatens the livelihoods of coastal
communities and the marine ecosystem.
Urbanization
Challenges: Rapid urbanization poses significant environmental challenges,
including increased demand for resources, expansion of slums, and pressure on
infrastructure and services.
Challenges to
India's Environment:
Population
Growth: India's large and growing population exerts tremendous pressure on
natural resources and ecosystems, leading to resource depletion and
environmental degradation.
Lack of
Environmental Regulation: Enforcement of environmental regulations and laws is
often inadequate, allowing industries to operate without adhering to
environmental standards.
Infrastructure
Gaps: Inadequate infrastructure for waste management, transportation, and
sewage treatment contributes to pollution and degradation of the environment.
Agricultural
Practices: Intensive agriculture practices, including excessive use of chemical
fertilizers and pesticides, lead to soil degradation and water pollution.
Urban Planning:
Rapid urbanization without proper urban planning can lead to uncontrolled
development and environmental stress.
Lack of Public
Awareness: The awareness of environmental issues among the general public and
their involvement in conservation efforts need improvement.
Economic Growth
vs. Environment: Balancing economic growth with environmental protection
remains a challenge. There is often a trade-off between development and
conservation.
Climate Change
Vulnerability: India is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change,
including changes in monsoon patterns, extreme weather events, and sea-level
rise.
Addressing
these environmental challenges while sustaining economic growth is a complex
task that requires a combination of regulatory measures, public awareness, sustainable
practices, and investments in clean technologies and infrastructure. India has
made efforts to tackle these issues through various policies and initiatives,
but continued vigilance and action are necessary to mitigate the environmental
impact of economic development.
Q2. Explain the export driven model of economic development.
Discuss its major criticisms.
Section
B
Answer the following in
about 250 words each.
Q3. What is Special Drawing rights (SDR)? Discuss its main
features.
Q4. What are the major strengths of Public private partnerships
(PPP)? Explain its major forms.
Q5. Elaborate the issues and concerns of global warming and
climate change.
Q6. What do you mean by dualism? Discuss the types of dualism.
How do they reinforce each other?
Section
C
Answer the following in
about 100 words each.
Q7. Explain the capability approach to development.
Q8. Discuss the relationship between inequity, poverty and
unemployment.
IGNOU
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