STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION IN
ANIMALS
STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION IN ANIMALS CLASS 11 NOTES
INTRODUCTION
·
Cells, tissues, organs and organ systems
resolve up the work in a way that ensures the survival of the body as a whole
and parade division of labour.
·
A tissues is defined as a group of cells along
with intercellular substances performing one or further functions in the body.
ANIMAL
TISSUES
Structural Organisation in Animals Class 11 Notes PDF download
EPITHELIAL
TISSUES
·
Epithelial are distance-such like tissues
lining the body’s face and its depressions, tubes and tubes. Epithelial have
one free face facing a body fluid or the outside terrain.
·
Their cells are structurally and functionally
connected at junctions
Different
types of connective tissues bind together, support, strengthen, cover and
isolate other tissues in the body.
·
Soft connective tissues correspond of protein
fibres as well as a variety of cells arranged in a ground‘ substance.
·
Cartilage, bone, blood, and adipose tissues are
specialised connective tissues. Cartilage and bone are both structural
accoutrements.
·
Blood is a fluid tissues with transport
functions.
Adipose
tissues
·
Adipose tissues is a force of stored energy.
Muscle towel, which can contract (dock) in response to stimulation, helps in
the movement of the body and specific body corridor.
·
Cadaverous muscle is the muscle tissues attached
to bones. Smooth muscle is a element of internal organs. The cardiac muscle
makes up the contractile walls of the heart.
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Connective tissues
Connective
tissues covers all three types of tissues.
·
Nervous tissues exerts the topmost control over
the response of the body.
·
Neurons are the introductory units of nervous
tissue.
ORGAN
AND ORGAN SYSTEM
·
Earthworm, cockroach and frog show
characteristic features in body organisation. In Pheretima Posthuma
(earthworm), the body is covered by a cuticle.
·
All parts of its body are likewise except the
14th, 15th and 16th member, which are thick and dark and glandular, forming
clitellum.
structural organisation in animals class 11
handwritten notes
EARTHWORM
·
A ring of S- shaped chitinous setae is plant in
each member. These setae help In locomotion. On the frontal side, spermathecal
openings are present in between the grooves of 5 and 6, 6 and 7, 7 and 8 and 9
parts.
·
Female genital pores are present in the 14th
member and manly genital pores in the 18th member.
·
The alimentary conduit is a narrow tube made of
the mouth, buccal depression, pharynx, gizzard, stomach, intestine and anus.
The blood vascular system is of unrestricted type with heart and faucets. The
nervous system is represented by the frontal whim-whams cord.
·
The earthworm is hermaphrodite. Two dyads of
testes do in the 10th and 11th member, independently.
·
A brace of ovaries are present on the 12 and13
th intersegmental septum. It's a protandrous beast withcross-fertilisation.
Fertilisation and development take place in the cocoon buried by the glands of
the clitellum.
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COCKROACH
·
The body of the cockroach (Periplaneta
americana) is covered by a chitinous exoskeleton. It's divided into head,
abdomen and tummy. Parts bear concerted accessories. There are three parts of
abdomen, each bearing a brace of walking legs.
·
Two dyads of bodies are present, one brace each
on the 2nd and 3rd member. There are ten parts in the tummy.
·
The alimentary conduit is well developed with a
mouth girdled by mouthparts, a pharynx, oesophagus, crop, gizzard, midgut,
hindgut and anus. Hepatic cancer is present at the junction of the foregut and
midgut.
·
Malpighian tubules are present at the junction
of the midgut and hindgut and help in excretion. A brace of the salivary gland
is present near 1 crop.
·
The blood vascular system is of open type.
Respiration takes place by a network of tracheae.
·
The trachea opens outdoors with spiracles. The
nervous system is represented by segmentally arranged ganglia and frontal
whim-whams cord.
·
A brace of testes are present in the 4th and
5th parts and ovaries in the 4th, 5th and 6th member.
·
Fertilisation is internal. Female produces
10-40 ootheca bearing developing embryos. After rupturing of single
ootheca,‘sixteen youthful bones, called nymphs come out.
STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION IN ANIMALS
CLASS 11 NOTES
FROG
·
The Indian bullfrog, Rana Tigrina, is the
common frog in the Indian Body that's covered by skin. Mucous glands are
present in the skin which is largely vascularized and helps in respiration in
water and on land.
·
The body is separable into the head and hunk. A
muscular lingo is present, which is bilobed at the tip and is used in landing
the prey.
·
The alimentary conduit consists of the
oesophagus, stomach, intestine and rectum, which open into the cloaca. The main
digestive glands are the liver and pancreas. It can breathe in water through
the skin and through lungs on land.
·
The circulatory system is closed with a single
rotation. RBC, are nucleated. The nervous system is organised into central,
supplemental and autonomic.
·
The organs of the urinogenital system are
feathers and urinogenital tubes, which open into the cloaca.
·
The manly reproductive organ is a brace of
testes. The Female reproductive organ is a brace of ovaries. A Female lays
2500-3000 ova at a time.
·
The fertilisation and development are external.
The eggs door into tadpoles, which metamorphose into frogs.
·
Tadpole Development involves a larval stage
called tadpole. Tadpole undergoes transformation to form the grown-up.
·
BrainBox The brain is enclosed in a bony
structure called brain box ( skull)
·
Vena-cava Right patio receives blood through
the major modes called vena cava.
·
Sinus venous A triangular structure called
sinus Venosus joins the right patio.
·
Pericardium The heart has three chambers, two
gallerias and one ventricle and is covered by a membrane called the
pericardium.
·
Pulmonary respiration The respiration by the
lungs is called pulmonary respiration.
·
Summer sleep and downtime sleep The frogs
aren't seen during peak summer and downtime. During this period they take
sanctum in deep burrows to cover them from extreme heat and deep freeze. This
is called summer sleep (aestivation) and downtime sleep (hibernation).
·
Mimicry Frogs have the capability to change the
colour to hide from their adversaries ( disguise).
·
Poikilotherms Frogs don't have constant body
temperature i.e., their body temperature varies with the temperature of the
terrain. Similar creatures are called cold-thoroughbred or poikilotherms.
·
Oothecae Cockroaches fertilised eggs are boxed
in capsules called oothecae. The ootheca is a dark sanguine to the palish-brown
capsule, about3/8 ″ (8 mm) long.
·
Spermatophores The sperms are stored in the
seminal vesicles and are fused together in the form of packets called
spermatophores which are discharged during coition.
·
Spiracles The respiratory system consists of a
network of the trachea, that open through 10 dyads of small holes called
spiracles present on the side side of the body.
·
Hepatic or gastric A ring of 6-8 eyeless
tubules called hepatic or gastric cancer is present at the junction of foregut
and midgut, which buried digestive juice.
·
Vermicomposting The process of adding the
fertility of the soil by the earthworms is called vermicomposting.
· Anus The alimentary conduit opens to the surface by a small rounded orifice called the anus.
·
typhlosole The characteristic point of the
intestine between 26-35 parts is the presence of an internal standard pack of
the rearward wall called typhlosole.
·
Glandular epithelium Some of the columnar or
cuboidal cells get specialised for stashing and are called the glandular
epithelium.