Locomotion and movement
Locomotion and movement Class 11 notes NEET
INTRODUCTION
Movement of cilia, flagella and tentacles are shown by many organisms. Human beings can move limbs, jaws, eyelids, tongue, etc. Some of the movements result in a change of place or location. Such voluntary movements are called locomotion.
Locomotion is the voluntary movement of an individual from one place to another. Walking, running, climbing, swimming are the exemplifications of locomotion. All locomotion are movement but all movements aren't locomotion.
Methods of locomotion performed by animals vary with their habitats and the demand of the situation. However, locomotion is generally for search of food, shelter, mate, suitable breeding grounds, favourable climatic conditions or to escape from enemies/predators.
Types of Movement
Cells of the mortal body show three main types of movements
- Amoeboid Movements
- ciliary Movements
- Muscular Movements
• Macrophages and leucocytes in blood parade amoeboid movements. Coordinated movement of cilia in trachea to remove dusts patches and passage of ova through fallopian tube is illustration of Ciliary movements.
• Movement of branches, jaw, lingo,etc. need muscular movement. Contractile property of muscles is used in movement in advanced organism including mortal beings.
Muscles are specialized tissues of mesodermal origin. They've property like excitability, contractility, extensibility and pliantness.
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Grounded on their position, three types of muscles are linked
- Skeletal muscle
- Visceral muscle
- Cardaic muscle
.
Locomotion and movement Class 11 notes NEET
• Each muscle pack contains a number of muscle fibres. Each muscle fibre is lined by tube membrane called sarcolemma enclosing sarcoplasm. Incompletely arranged myofibrils are present in muscle pack having alternate light and dark bands due to presence of protein-actin and myosin
• Light bands contain actin and is called I-band (isotropic band) and dark band contains myosin, calledA-band (anisotropic band). Both bands are present parallel to each other in longitudinal fashion.
Chapter 20 Biology Class 11 Notes
• In centre of each I-band is elastic fibre called‘Z’ line. In the middle ofA-band is thin stringy‘M’ line. The portion of myofibrils between two consecutive‘Z’ lines is the functional unit of compression called a sarcomere.
• At resting stage thin hair overlaps the thick hair. The part of thick hair not lapped is called‘H’ zone.
Structure of contractile Protein
•Each thin hair (actin) is made of two‘F’actins helically wounded to each other. Two fibers of another protein, tropomyosin runs near to it.
• A complex protein Troponin is distributed at regular intervals on the tropomyosin.
•Each myosin hair is made of numerous monomeric proteins called Meromyosins.
•Each meromyosin has spherical head with short arm and tails. Spherical head has ATP list spots.
Medium of muscle compression
• The medium of muscle compression is explained by sliding medium proposition in which thin hair slide over thick hair.
• Muscle compression start with signal transferred by CNS via motor neuron. Neural signal release neurotransmitter (Acetyl choline) to induce action eventuality in the sarcolemma.
• This causes the release of Ca from sarcoplasmic reticulum.
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• Ca activates actin which binds to the myosin head to form a cross ground.
• These cross islands pull the actin fibers causing them to slide over the myosin fibers and thereby causing compression.
• Ca are also returned to sarcoplasmic reticulum which inactivate the actin. Cross islands are broken and the muscles relax.
Locomotion and movement Class 11 notes NEET
Muscles are classified as :
Red fibres (aerobic muscles-) contain myoglobin that has plenitude of mitochondria to use large quantum of oxygen stored in them.
White fibres - the muscle fibres containing lower number of myoglobin are called white fibres.
Cadaverous System
Framework of bones and cartilage forms the cadaverous system. In mortal beings, it consists of 206 bones and some cartilages. The two principle division of cadaverous system are
•Axial Shell (80 bones)-includes cranium, vertebral column, sternum and caricatures constitute axial system.
• The cranium (22 bones) is composed of cranial and facial bones. Cranial (8 bones) forms defensive covering for brain ( skull). The facial region consists of 14 cadaverous systems that form frontal part of cranium. Hyoid bone (U-shaped) forms the base of buccal depression.
Locomotion and movement Class 11 notes NEET
• The middle observance bone (Malleus, Incus and Stapes) inclusively called Observance Ossicles. Skull joins with vertebral column with two occipital condyle.
• Vertebral column consists of 26 serially arranged chines. First backbone is atlas that combines with occipital condyle. Other includes Cervical-7, thoracic-12, lumbar-5, holy – 1 coccoygeal-1.
• 12 dyads of caricatures connected dorsally to vertebral column and ventrally to sternum. 11th and 12th caricature bones aren't connected with sternum and are called floating caricatures.
Appendicular Shell - includes bones of branches and cinctures. Each branch contains 30 bones.
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Pectoral and Pelvic belt bones help in the articulation of the upper and the lower branches independently with the axial shell.
Pectoral belt consists of a clavicle and a scapula.
Pelvic belt consists of two coxal bones. Each coxal bone is formed by the emulsion of three bones – ilium, ischium and pubis.
Joints – are points of contact between bones, or between bones and cartilage.
1. Stringy joints – don't allow any movements. Present in flat cranium bones to form skull.
2. Cartilaginous joints – bones are held together with the help of cartilage present in chines. Permits limited movements.
3. Synovial joints – fluid filled synovial depression, give considerable movements. Ball and socket joint, depend joints, pivot joints, gliding jointsetc.
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Locomotion and movement Class 11 notes NEET
Diseases of Muscular and Cadaverous System
• Myasthenia gravis- bus vulnerable complaint affecting neuromuscular junction causing fatigue, decaying and palsy of cadaverous system.
• Muscular Dystrophy- degeneration of cadaverous muscles due to inheritable complaint.
• Osteoporosis – dropped bone mass in old age leading to chance of fracture due to dropped estrogen.
• Arthritis- inflammation of joints.
• Gout- inflammation of joints due to accumulation of uric acid chargers.
• Tetany- Rapid spasms in muscle due to low Ca in body fluid.
Locomotion and Movement NEET notes PDF