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B.E.C.E – 214
AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA IGNOU BECE 214 Solved
Assignment 2023-24
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NOTE: All questions are compulsory.
Section
I
Answer
the following in about 500 words each.
Q1. (a) Explain the historical perspective of the evolution of
the Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) in India.
The evolution
of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) in India has a rich historical
perspective, rooted in the country's tradition of decentralized self-governance
and community participation. The journey of PRIs can be divided into several
key phases:
Ancient and
Medieval India: The concept of local self-governance has ancient roots in
India. Villages were traditionally governed by assemblies of elders, known as "Sabhas"
or "Gram Sabhas." These local bodies had a degree of autonomy in
resolving community issues, managing resources, and maintaining law and order.
During the medieval period, local governance structures continued to exist
under various rulers and dynasties.
Colonial Era:
The British colonial administration introduced a centralized system of
governance, which diminished the role of traditional local bodies. The colonial
government appointed officials to govern at the local level, often bypassing
traditional village institutions.
Post-Independence
(1947): After gaining independence in 1947, the Government of India recognized
the need for decentralization of power and local self-governance. This led to
the formation of the Balwantrai Mehta Committee in 1957, which recommended the
establishment of Panchayati Raj Institutions. Based on these recommendations,
some states in India began to take steps to establish PRIs, while others lagged
behind.
First
Constitutional Amendment (1951): The Indian Constitution was amended in 1951 to
include Article 40, which directed the state to organize village Panchayats and
endow them with powers and authority to enable them to function as
self-governing institutions. However, the implementation of this directive was
left to the discretion of individual states, and progress was slow.
Second
Constitutional Amendment (1973): Recognizing the slow progress in implementing
PRIs, the government introduced the 1973 amendment to the Constitution, which
laid down a clear framework for establishing and strengthening PRIs. This
amendment added Part IX to the Constitution, which provided for a three-tier
structure of Panchayati Raj at the village, intermediate, and district levels.
State
Legislation and Implementation: The constitutional amendments paved the way for
state governments to enact their own Panchayati Raj Acts, detailing the
structure, functions, and elections of PRIs. Many states took their time to
enact these laws and conduct elections for PRIs.
Rural Local
Self-Governance Revival (1980s-1990s): The 1980s and 1990s witnessed renewed
efforts to strengthen PRIs, with the launching of initiatives like the National
Rural Employment Program (NREP), later renamed the Mahatma Gandhi National
Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA). These programs empowered PRIs to play
a key role in rural development and poverty alleviation.
73rd
Constitutional Amendment (1992): To further empower PRIs, the 73rd
Constitutional Amendment Act was passed in 1992. It mandated a uniform
three-tier system for PRIs in all states, with reservations for marginalized
groups (Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and women) and detailed provisions
for their functioning and powers.
Progress and
Challenges: Since the 1990s, PRIs have made significant progress in terms of
representation and participation, leading to a more inclusive and participatory
form of local governance. However, challenges remain, including inadequate
devolution of powers, financial autonomy, and capacity-building of local
institutions.
Today, PRIs
play a vital role in rural development, local governance, and the
implementation of various government programs. They serve as essential
platforms for citizen participation, decision-making, and resource allocation
at the grassroots level. The historical evolution of PRIs in India reflects the
nation's commitment to decentralization, local empowerment, and participatory
democracy.
(b) Review the PRIs functioning in the post-2001 years.
Q2. Explain the concept of ‘commercialisation of agriculture’
and the factors that contributed to its erosion during the period of 1900s.
Section
II
Answer the following in
about 250 words each.
Q3. Explain the importance of economic policies to agricultural
development.
Q4. Discuss the various modes of irrigation practiced in India.
Q5. Examine the performance of ‘tenancy reforms’ over the period
1951-1991.
Q6. Rural industries were promoted in India over the period
1951-1991. Explain the policy measures initiated with respect to such
industries.
Section
III
Answer the following in
about 100 words each.
Q7.
Write short notes on the following:
(a) Major issues of water resource management in India
(b) Cropping pattern in India
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