MPC 003 LIFE SPAN PSYCHOLOGY Solved Assignment 2021-22

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MPC 003 Solved Assignment
2021-22

Course Code: MPC 003

Assignment Code: MPC 003/ASST/TMA/2021-22

Marks: 100

NOTE: All questions are compulsory.

SECTION – A

Answer the following questions in 1000 words each. 3 x 15 = 45 Marks

1. Define personality. Discuss the main determinants of personality development.

The word personality itself stems from the Latin word persona, which refers to a theatrical mask worn by performers in order to either project different roles or disguise their identities.

At its most basic, personality is the characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that make a person unique. MPC 003 Solved Assignment 2021-22 It is believed that personality arises from within the individual and remains fairly consistent throughout life.

While there are many different definitions of personality, most focus on the pattern of behaviors and characteristics that can help predict and explain a person's behavior.

Explanations for personality can focus on a variety of influences, ranging from genetic explanations for personality traits to the role of the environment and experience in shaping an individual's personality.

So what exactly makes up a personality? Traits and patterns of thought and emotion play important roles as well as the following fundamental characteristics of personality:

•        Consistency: There is generally a recognizable order and regularity to behaviors. Essentially, people act in the same ways or similar ways in a variety of situations.

•        Psychological and physiological: MPC 003 Solved Assignment 2021-22 Personality is a psychological construct, but research suggests that it is also influenced by biological processes and needs.

•        Behaviors and actions: Personality not only influences how we move and respond in our environment, but it also causes us to act in certain ways.

•        Multiple expressions: Personality is displayed in more than just behavior. It can also be seen in our thoughts, feelings, close relationships, and other social interactions.

Personality, a characteristic way of thinking, feeling, and behaving. Personality embraces moods, attitudes, and opinions and is most clearly expressed in interactions with other people. MPC 003 Solved Assignment 2021-22 It includes behavioral characteristics, both inherent and acquired, that distinguish one person from another and that can be observed in people’s relations to the environment and to the social group.

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The term personality has been defined in many ways, but as a psychological concept two main meanings have evolved. The first pertains to the consistent differences that exist between people: in this sense, the study of personality focuses on classifying and explaining relatively stable human psychological characteristics. MPC 003 Solved Assignment 2021-22 The second meaning emphasizes those qualities that make all people alike and that distinguish psychological man from other species; it directs the personality theorist to search for those regularities among all people that define the nature of man as well as the factors that influence the course of lives. MPC 003 Solved Assignment 2021-22 This duality may help explain the two directions that personality studies have taken: on the one hand, the study of ever more specific qualities in people, and, on the other, the search for the organized totality of psychological functions that emphasizes the interplay between organic and psychological events within people and those social and biological events that surround them. The dual definition of personality is interwoven in most of the topics discussed below. It should be emphasized, however, that no definition of personality has found universal acceptance within the field.

The study of personality can be said to have its origins in the fundamental idea that people are distinguished by their characteristic individual patterns of behaviour—the distinctive ways in which they walk, talk, furnish their living quarters, or express their urges. MPC 003 Solved Assignment 2021-22 Whatever the behaviour, personologists—as those who systematically study personality are called—examine how people differ in the ways they express themselves and attempt to determine the causes of these differences. Although other fields of psychology examine many of the same functions and processes, such as attention, thinking, or motivation, the personologist places emphasis on how these different processes fit together and become integrated so as to give each person a distinctive identity, or personality. MPC 003 Solved Assignment 2021-22 The systematic psychological study of personality has emerged from a number of different sources, including psychiatric case studies that focused on lives in distress, from philosophy, which explores the nature of man, and from physiology, anthropology, and social psychology.

The systematic study of personality as a recognizable and separate discipline within psychology may be said to have begun in the 1930s with the publication in the United States of two textbooks, Psychology of Personality (1937) by Ross Stagner and Personality: A Psychological Interpretation (1937) by Gordon W. MPC 003 Solved Assignment 2021-22 Allport, followed by Henry A. Murray’s Explorations in Personality (1938), which contained a set of experimental and clinical studies, and by Gardner Murphy’s integrative and comprehensive text, Personality: A Biosocial Approach to Origins and Structure (1947). Yet personology can trace its ancestry to the ancient Greeks, who proposed a kind of biochemical theory of personality.

Man is not born a person. At birth he is an infant possessing the potentiality of becoming a person. After birth he associates with other human beings and comes under the influence of their culture. MPC 003 Solved Assignment 2021-22 As a result of a variety of experiences and social influences he becomes a person and comes to possess a personality.

The nature of personality and to show the role of culture and social experience in the formation of personality along with the problem of personality disorganisation. MPC 003 Solved Assignment 2021-22 Since socialization plays the most important part in the development of personality and we have discussed it already, the present discussion, therefore, can only be brief.

The term ‘personality’ is derived from the Latin word ‘persona’ which means a mask. According to K. Young, “Personality is a …. patterned body of habits, traits, attitudes and ideas of an individual, as these are organised externally into roles and statuses, and as they relate internally to motivation, goals, and various aspects of selfhood.” G. W.  MPC 003 Solved Assignment 2021-22 Allport defined it as “a person’s pattern of habits, attitudes, and traits which determine his adjustment to his environment.”

According to Robert E. Park and Earnest W. Burgess, personality is “the sum and organisation of those traits which determine the role of the individual in the group.” Herbert A. Bloch defined it as “the characteristic organisation of the individual’s habits, attitudes, values, emotional characteristics……. which imparts consistency to the behaviour of the individual.” According to Arnold W. Green, “personality is the sum of a person’s values (the objects of his striving, such as ideas, prestige, power and sex) plus his non- physical traits (his habitual ways of acting and reacting).” MPC 003 Solved Assignment 2021-22  According to Linton, personality embraces the total “organised aggregate of psychological processes and status pertaining to the individual.”

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Personality, as we understand it, says MacIver, “is all that an individual is and has experienced so far as this “all” can be comprehended as unity.” According to Lundberg and others, “The term personality refers to the habits, attitudes, and other social traits that are characteristic of a given individual’s behaviour.” MPC 003 Solved Assignment 2021-22  By personality Ogburn means “the integration of the socio psychological behaviour of the human being, represented by habits of action and feeling, attitudes and opinions.” Davis regards personality “a psychic phenomenon which is neither organic nor social but an emergent from a combination of the two.”

According to Anderson and Parker, “Personality is the totality of habits, attitudes, and traits that result from socialization and characterizes us in our relationships with others.” According to N.L. Munn, “Personality may be defined as the most characteristic integration of an individual’s structure modes of behaviour, interests, attitudes, capacities, abilities and aptitudes.” According to Morton Prince, “Personality is the sum total of all the biological innate dispositions, impulses tendencies and instincts of the individual, and the acquired disposition and tendencies acquired by experience.” According to Young, “Personality is the totality of behaviour of an individual with a given tendency system interacting with a sequence of situations.”

Lawrence A. Pewin has given a working definition of personality in these words, “Personality represents those structural and dynamic properties of an individual or individuals as they reflect themselves in characteristic responses to situations.”

2. Describe the administration of Rorschach Inkblot Test.

The Rorschach inkblot test is a psychological test in which subject’s perceptions of inkblots (ambiguous images) are recorded and then analyzed using psychological interpretation. The tester and subject typically sit next to each other at a table, with the tester slightly behind the subject.MPC 003 Solved Assignment 2021-22  This is to facilitate a “relaxed but controlled atmosphere”. There are ten offi cial inkblots, each printed on a separate white card, approximately 18 × 24 cm in size. Each of the blots has near perfect bilateral symmetry. Five inkblots are of black ink, two are of black and red ink ant three are multicolored, on a white background. After the test subject has seen and responded to all of the inkblots (free association phase), the tester then presents them again one at a time in a set sequence for the subject to study: the subject is asked to note where he sees what he originally saw and what makes it look like that (inquiry phase). MPC 003 Solved Assignment 2021-22  The subject is usually asked to hold the cards and may rotate them. The general goal of the test is to provide data about cognition and personality variables such as motivation, response tendencies, cognitive operations, aff ectivity, and personal/interpersonal perceptions. The underlying assumption is that an individual will class external stimuli based on person specifi c perceptual sets, and including needs, base motives, confl icts, and that this clustering process is representative of the process used in real life situations (Klopfer ! Davidson, 1962).

Many people have heard of the famous Rorschach test, also called the Rorschach inkblot test, in which a person is asked to describe what they see in ambiguous inkblot images. MPC 003 Solved Assignment 2021-22  This projective test often appears in popular culture and is frequently portrayed as a way of revealing a person’s unconscious thoughts, motives, or desires.

ne of Hermann Rorschach's favorite games as a child was Klecksography, which involves creating inkblots and making up stories or poems about them. He enjoyed the game so much that his school friends nicknamed him "Klecks," the German word for "inkblot."

His interest in inkblots continued into adulthood. While working in a psychiatric hospital, Rorschach noticed that patients with schizophrenia responded to the blots differently from patients with other diagnoses. MPC 003 Solved Assignment 2021-22  He began wondering if inkblots could be used to create profiles for different mental disorders.

So, inspired perhaps by both his favorite childhood game and his studies of Sigmund Freud's dream symbolism, Rorschach developed a systematic approach to using inkblots as an assessment tool.

Rorschach wasn't the first to suggest that a person's interpretation of an ambiguous scene might reveal hidden aspects of that individual's personality. MPC 003 Solved Assignment 2021-22  Alfred Binet also experimented with the idea of using inkblots as a way to test creativity and originally planned to include inkblots in his intelligence tests.

The Rorschach test has grown to be one of the most popularly used psychological tests. It's primarily used in psychotherapy and counseling.1

Those who use it regularly do so as a way of obtaining a great deal of qualitative information about a person, including their personality, emotional functioning, and thinking patterns. The therapist and client can then further explore some of these issues during therapy.

There are 10 official inkblots, each printed on separate white cards. Five inkblots are black and gray; two are black, gray, and red; and three are multicolored without any black. 

During administration, the examiner will sit next to you. MPC 003 Solved Assignment 2021-22  This helps them see what you see. The test involves certain steps:

Present: The examiner will give you one card at a time and ask you, “What might this be?” Respond: MPC 003 Solved Assignment 2021-22  You’re free to interpret the ambiguous image however you want. You can take however long you like to interpret each card and can give as many responses as you want. You can also hold the cards in any position, whether it is upside down or sideways.

Record: Your examiner records everything you say, no matter how trivial. They’ll note the time taken for each response, the position the card is being held, your emotional expressions, etc. during the test.

Confirm: Once you go through all the inkblots once, your examiner will take you through each inkblot a second time. MPC 003 Solved Assignment 2021-22  The goal of this is not to get new information, but to help your examiner see what you see. They’ll ask you to identify where you see what you originally saw and what features make it look like that.

On average, it takes about 1.5 hours to administer and score the test.

The Rorschach test is a psychological test in which subjects' perceptions of inkblots are recorded and then analyzed using psychological interpretation, complex algorithms, or both. Some psychologists use this test to examine a person's personality characteristics and emotional functioning. It has been employed to detect underlying thought disorder, especially in cases where patients are reluctant to describe their thinking processes openly.[4] The test is named after its creator, Swiss psychologist Hermann Rorschach. In the 1960s, the Rorschach was the most widely used projective test.

Although the Exner Scoring System (developed since the 1960s) claims to have addressed and often refuted many criticisms of the original testing system with an extensive body of research, some researchers continue to raise questions. MPC 003 Solved Assignment 2021-22  The areas of dispute include the objectivity of testers, inter-rater reliability, the verifiability and general validity of the test, bias of the test's pathology scales towards greater numbers of responses, the limited number of psychological conditions which it accurately diagnoses, the inability to replicate the test's norms, its use in court-ordered evaluations, and the proliferation of the ten inkblot images, potentially invalidating the test for those who have been exposed to them.

Using interpretation of "ambiguous designs" to assess an individual's personality is an idea that goes back to Leonardo da Vinci and Botticelli. Interpretation of inkblots was central to a game, Gobolinks,[8] from the late 19th century. Rorschach's, however, was the first systematic approach of this kind. MPC 003 Solved Assignment 2021-22  The ink blots were hand drawn by Rorschach.

It has been suggested that Rorschach's use of inkblots may have been inspired by German doctor Justinus Kerner who, in 1857, had published a popular book of poems, each of which was inspired by an accidental inkblot. MPC 003 Solved Assignment 2021-22  French psychologist Alfred Binet had also experimented with inkblots as a creativity test, and, after the turn of the century, psychological experiments where inkblots were utilized multiplied, with aims such as studying imagination and consciousness.

After studying 300 mental patients and 100 control subjects, in 1921 Rorschach wrote his book Psychodiagnostik, which was to form the basis of the inkblot test (after experimenting with several hundred inkblots, he selected a set of ten for their diagnostic value),[14] but he died the following year. MPC 003 Solved Assignment 2021-22  Although he had served as Vice President of the Swiss Psychoanalytic Society, Rorschach had difficulty in publishing the book and it attracted little attention when it first appeared.

In 1927, the newly founded Hans Huber publishing house purchased Rorschach's book Psychodiagnostik from the inventory of Ernst Bircher. Huber has remained the publisher of the test and related book, with Rorschach a registered trademark of Swiss publisher Verlag Hans Huber, Hogrefe AG. MPC 003 Solved Assignment 2021-22  The work has been described as "a densely written piece couched in dry, scientific terminology.

After Rorschach's death, the original test scoring system was improved by Samuel Beck, Bruno Klopfer and others John E. Exner summarized some of these later developments in the comprehensive system, at the same time trying to make the scoring more statistically rigorous. Some systems are based on the psychoanalytic concept of object relations. The Exner system remains very popular in the United States, while in Europe other methods sometimes dominate, such as that described in the textbook by Evald Bohm, which is closer to the original Rorschach system and rooted more deeply in the original psychoanalysis principles.

3. Discuss neurophysiological basis of traits and types.

The Rorschach inkblot test is a psychological test in which subject’s perceptions of inkblots (ambiguous images) are recorded and then analyzed using psychological interpretation. The tester and subject typically sit next to each other at a table, with the tester slightly behind the subject. MPC 003 Solved Assignment 2021-22  This is to facilitate a “relaxed but controlled atmosphere”. There are ten offi cial inkblots, each printed on a separate white card, approximately 18 × 24 cm in size. Each of the blots has near perfect bilateral symmetry. Five inkblots are of black ink, two are of black and red ink ant three are multicolored, on a white background. After the test subject has seen and responded to all of the inkblots (free association phase), the tester then presents them again one at a time in a set sequence for the subject to study: the subject is asked to note where he sees what he originally saw and what makes it look like that (inquiry phase). MPC 003 Solved Assignment 2021-22  The subject is usually asked to hold the cards and may rotate them. The general goal of the test is to provide data about cognition and personality variables such as motivation, response tendencies, cognitive operations, aff ectivity, and personal/interpersonal perceptions. MPC 003 Solved Assignment 2021-22  The underlying assumption is that an individual will class external stimuli based on person specifi c perceptual sets, and including needs, base motives, confl icts, and that this clustering process is representative of the process used in real life situations (Klopfer ! Davidson, 1962).

Many people have heard of the famous Rorschach test, also called the Rorschach inkblot test, in which a person is asked to describe what they see in ambiguous inkblot images. MPC 003 Solved Assignment 2021-22  This projective test often appears in popular culture and is frequently portrayed as a way of revealing a person’s unconscious thoughts, motives, or desires.

ne of Hermann Rorschach's favorite games as a child was Klecksography, which involves creating inkblots and making up stories or poems about them. He enjoyed the game so much that his school friends nicknamed him "Klecks," the German word for "inkblot."

His interest in inkblots continued into adulthood. While working in a psychiatric hospital, Rorschach noticed that patients with schizophrenia responded to the blots differently from patients with other diagnoses. MPC 003 Solved Assignment 2021-22  He began wondering if inkblots could be used to create profiles for different mental disorders.

So, inspired perhaps by both his favorite childhood game and his studies of Sigmund Freud's dream symbolism, Rorschach developed a systematic approach to using inkblots as an assessment tool.

Rorschach wasn't the first to suggest that a person's interpretation of an ambiguous scene might reveal hidden aspects of that individual's personality. Alfred Binet also experimented with the idea of using inkblots as a way to test creativity and originally planned to include inkblots in his intelligence tests.

The Rorschach test has grown to be one of the most popularly used psychological tests. It's primarily used in psychotherapy and counseling.1

Those who use it regularly do so as a way of obtaining a great deal of qualitative information about a person, including their personality, emotional functioning, and thinking patterns. MPC 003 Solved Assignment 2021-22  The therapist and client can then further explore some of these issues during therapy.

There are 10 official inkblots, each printed on separate white cards. Five inkblots are black and gray; two are black, gray, and red; and three are multicolored without any black. 

During administration, the examiner will sit next to you. This helps them see what you see. The test involves certain steps:

Present: The examiner will give you one card at a time and ask you, “What might this be?” Respond: You’re free to interpret the ambiguous image however you want. You can take however long you like to interpret each card and can give as many responses as you want. You can also hold the cards in any position, whether it is upside down or sideways.

Record: Your examiner records everything you say, no matter how trivial. They’ll note the time taken for each response, the position the card is being held, your emotional expressions, etc. during the test.

Confirm: Once you go through all the inkblots once, your examiner will take you through each inkblot a second time. The goal of this is not to get new information, but to help your examiner see what you see. They’ll ask you to identify where you see what you originally saw and what features make it look like that.

On average, it takes about 1.5 hours to administer and score the test.

The Rorschach test is a psychological test in which subjects' perceptions of inkblots are recorded and then analyzed using psychological interpretation, complex algorithms, or both. Some psychologists use this test to examine a person's personality characteristics and emotional functioning. MPC 003 Solved Assignment 2021-22  It has been employed to detect underlying thought disorder, especially in cases where patients are reluctant to describe their thinking processes openly.[4] The test is named after its creator, Swiss psychologist Hermann Rorschach. In the 1960s, the Rorschach was the most widely used projective test.

Although the Exner Scoring System (developed since the 1960s) claims to have addressed and often refuted many criticisms of the original testing system with an extensive body of research, some researchers continue to raise questions. MPC 003 Solved Assignment 2021-22  The areas of dispute include the objectivity of testers, inter-rater reliability, the verifiability and general validity of the test, bias of the test's pathology scales towards greater numbers of responses, the limited number of psychological conditions which it accurately diagnoses, the inability to replicate the test's norms, its use in court-ordered evaluations, and the proliferation of the ten inkblot images, potentially invalidating the test for those who have been exposed to them.

Using interpretation of "ambiguous designs" to assess an individual's personality is an idea that goes back to Leonardo da Vinci and Botticelli. MPC 003 Solved Assignment 2021-22  Interpretation of inkblots was central to a game, Gobolinks,[8] from the late 19th century. Rorschach's, however, was the first systematic approach of this kind. The ink blots were hand drawn by Rorschach.

It has been suggested that Rorschach's use of inkblots may have been inspired by German doctor Justinus Kerner who, in 1857, had published a popular book of poems, each of which was inspired by an accidental inkblot. MPC 003 Solved Assignment 2021-22  French psychologist Alfred Binet had also experimented with inkblots as a creativity test, and, after the turn of the century, psychological experiments where inkblots were utilized multiplied, with aims such as studying imagination and consciousness.

After studying 300 mental patients and 100 control subjects, in 1921 Rorschach wrote his book Psychodiagnostik, which was to form the basis of the inkblot test (after experimenting with several hundred inkblots, he selected a set of ten for their diagnostic value),[14] but he died the following year. MPC 003 Solved Assignment 2021-22  Although he had served as Vice President of the Swiss Psychoanalytic Society, Rorschach had difficulty in publishing the book and it attracted little attention when it first appeared.

In 1927, the newly founded Hans Huber publishing house purchased Rorschach's book Psychodiagnostik from the inventory of Ernst Bircher. Huber has remained the publisher of the test and related book, with Rorschach a registered trademark of Swiss publisher Verlag Hans Huber, Hogrefe AG. The work has been described as "a densely written piece couched in dry, scientific terminology.

After Rorschach's death, the original test scoring system was improved by Samuel Beck, Bruno Klopfer and others John E. Exner summarized some of these later developments in the comprehensive system, at the same time trying to make the scoring more statistically rigorous. Some systems are based on the psychoanalytic concept of object relations. MPC 003 Solved Assignment 2021-22  The Exner system remains very popular in the United States, while in Europe other methods sometimes dominate, such as that described in the textbook by Evald Bohm, which is closer to the original Rorschach system and rooted more deeply in the original psychoanalysis principles.

SECTION – B

Answer the following questions in 400 words each. 5 x 5 = 25 Marks

4. Explain Cattell’s trait approach of personality.

Cattell analyzed the T-data and Q-data using a mathematical technique called factor analysis to look at which types of behavior tended to be grouped together in the same people. He identified 16 personality traits / factors common to all people.

Cattell made a distinction between source and surface traits. Surface traits are very obvious and can be easily identified by other people, whereas source traits are less visible to other people and appear to underlie several different aspects of behavior.

Cattell regarded source traits are more important in describing personality than surface traits.

People have long struggled to understand personality, and numerous theories have been developed to explain how personality develops and how it influences behavior. MPC 003 Solved Assignment 2021-22  One such theory was proposed by psychologist Raymond Cattell. He created a taxonomy of 16 different personality traits that could be used to describe and explain individual differences between people's personalities.

Cattell's personality factors are included in the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF) that is widely used today for career counseling in education. In business, it is used in personnel selection, especially for choosing managers. MPC 003 Solved Assignment 2021-22  It is also used in clinical diagnosis and to plan therapy by assessing anxiety, adjustment, and behavioral problems.

Born in 1905, Cattell witnessed the advent of many 20th-century inventions such as electricity, telephones, cars, and airplanes. He was inspired by these innovations and was eager to apply the scientific methods used to make such discoveries to the human mind and personality.

Personality, he believed, was not just some unknowable and untestable mystery. It was something that could be studied and organized.  MPC 003 Solved Assignment 2021-22 Through scientific study, human characteristics and behaviors could be predicted based on underlying personality traits.

Cattell worked with psychologist Charles Spearman, who was known for his pioneering work in statistics. Cattell would later use the factor analysis techniques developed by Spearman to create his own personality taxonomy.

Psychologists have long debated exactly how personality should be defined and described. One of these key ideas is known as the trait theory of personality. According to trait theory, human personality is composed of a number of broad traits or dispositions.

Some of the earliest of these trait theories attempted to describe every single trait that might possibly exist. MPC 003 Solved Assignment 2021-22  For example, psychologist Gordon Allport identified more than 4,000 words in the English language that could be used to describe personality traits.

While this approach was good at identifying different types of traits, it is unwieldy and difficult to use. MPC 003 Solved Assignment 2021-22  Many of these traits, for example, are highly similar, making it difficult to distinguish some traits from others. Such ambiguity also makes it difficult to study these personality traits.

Raymond Cattell analyzed Allport's list and whittled it down to 171 characteristics, mostly by eliminating terms that were redundant or uncommon. He then used a statistical technique known as factor analysis to identify traits that are related to one another. MPC 003 Solved Assignment 2021-22  With this method, he was able to whittle his list to 16 key personality factors.

5. What is the aim of personality assessment? Discuss some important methods for personality assessment.

Personality tests are techniques designed to measure one’s personality. They are used to diagnose psychological problems as well as to screen candidates for college and employment. There are two types of personality tests: self-report inventories and projective tests. The MMPI is one of the most common self-report inventories. It asks a series of true/false questions that are designed to provide a clinical profile of an individual. Projective tests use ambiguous images or other ambiguous stimuli to assess an individual’s unconscious fears, desires, and challenges. The Rorschach Inkblot Test, the TAT, the RISB, and the C-TCB are all forms of projective tests.

Roberto, Mikhail, and Nat are college friends and all want to be police officers. Roberto is quiet and shy, lacks self-confidence, and usually follows others. He is a kind person, but lacks motivation. MPC 003 Solved Assignment 2021-22  Mikhail is loud and boisterous, a leader. He works hard, but is impulsive and drinks too much on the weekends. Nat is thoughtful and well liked. He is trustworthy, but sometimes he has difficulty making quick decisions. Of these three men, who would make the best police officer? What qualities and personality factors make someone a good police officer? What makes someone a bad or dangerous police officer?

A police officer’s job is very high in stress, and law enforcement agencies want to make sure they hire the right people. Personality testing is often used for this purpose—to screen applicants for employment and job training. MPC 003 Solved Assignment 2021-22  Personality tests are also used in criminal cases and custody battles, and to assess psychological disorders. This section explores the best known among the many different types of personality tests.

This module provides a basic overview to the assessment of personality. It discusses objective personality tests (based on both self-report and informant ratings), projective and implicit tests, and behavioral/performance measures. It describes the basic features of each method, as well as reviewing the strengths, weaknesses, and overall validity of each approach.

Personality is the field within psychology that studies the thoughts, feelings, behaviors, goals, and interests of normal individuals. It therefore covers a very wide range of important psychological characteristics. MPC 003 Solved Assignment 2021-22  Moreover, different theoretical models have generated very different strategies for measuring these characteristics. For example, humanistically oriented models argue that people have clear, well-defined goals and are actively striving to achieve them (McGregor, McAdams, & Little, 2006). It, therefore, makes sense to ask them directly about themselves and their goals. MPC 003 Solved Assignment 2021-22  In contrast, psychodynamically oriented theories propose that people lack insight into their feelings and motives, such that their behavior is influenced by processes that operate outside of their awareness (e.g., McClelland, Koestner, & Weinberger, 1989; Meyer & Kurtz, 2006). Given that people are unaware of these processes, it does not make sense to ask directly about them. MPC 003 Solved Assignment 2021-22  One, therefore, needs to adopt an entirely different approach to identify these nonconscious factors. Not surprisingly, researchers have adopted a wide range of approaches to measure important personality characteristics. The most widely used strategies will be summarized in the following sections.  

6. Explain Karen Horney’s theory of personality.

Karen Horney was a German psychoanalyst. Having first-hand experience with depression in her childhood, Horney dedicated her time and work into school. Horney would enter medical school at the beginning of the twentieth century, and she would eventually develop a theory of neurosis that is still prominent today. Horney was considered a NeoFreudian, someone who believed in the basic foundation of Freud's principles, but she disagreed on some parts as well. For example, Horney rejected Freud's views on female psychology. MPC 003 Solved Assignment 2021-22  Karen Horney made significant contributions in the areas of  humanism, selfpsychology, psychoanalysis, and feminine psychology. Her opposition to Freud's theories about women generated more interest in the psychology of women. Horney also believed that people were able to act as their own therapists, emphasizing the personal role each person has in their own mental health and encouraging self-analysis and self-help.

Horney was a Neo-Freudian, and therefore she believed in many of Freud's basic concepts, however her ideas differed from Freud's as well. She believed childhood social, not sexual as Freud believed, experiences were crucial to the formation personality. MPC 003 Solved Assignment 2021-22  Also, Horney countered Freud's assumption that women had a weaker superego and that they suffered from "penis envy." 

The neurotic needs come to existence because of a person’s intensive and compulsive pursuit of their satisfaction as the only way to resolve basic anxiety. Satisfying these needs will not help us feel safe and secure but will aid only in desire to escape the discomfort caused by our anxiety. We pursue gratification of these needs solely to cope with anxiety, we tend to focus on only one need and compulsively seek its satisfaction in all situations. Aggressive personalities find their satisfaction in having their superiority affirmed through others by excelling and receiving recognition. MPC 003 Solved Assignment 2021-22  Satisfaction with detached personalities comes from being self-sufficient and obtaining an emotional distance from everyone around them. MPC 003 Solved Assignment 2021-22  Compliant personalities seek their satisfaction from the affection and approval they receive from the people around them. Compliant personality people tend to achieve a goal through the manipulation of others and the present themselves as helpless; they tend to hide their desire for control and exploitation.

Psychoanalytic theorist Karen Horney developed one of the best-known theories of neurosis. She believed that neurosis resulted from basic anxiety caused by interpersonal relationships.

Karen Horney believed that neurosis resulted from basic anxiety caused by interpersonal relationships. MPC 003 Solved Assignment 2021-22  Her theory proposes that strategies used to cope with anxiety can be overused, causing them to take on the appearance of needs. According to Horney, basic anxiety (and therefore neurosis) could result from a variety of things including, " . . . direct or indirect domination, indifference, erratic behavior, lack of respect for the child's individual needs, lack of real guidance, disparaging attitudes, too much admiration or the absence of it, lack of reliable warmth, having to take sides in parental disagreements, too much or too little responsibility, over-protection, isolation from other children, injustice, discrimination, unkept promises, hostile atmosphere, and so on and so on.”

7. Discuss behavioural assessments in personality.

Behavioural assessment is a tool from the field of psychology that is used for observing, describing, explaining and predicting behaviour. Behavioural assessments are now being used outside the clinical settings too, especially in educational and corporate sectors, considering their insightful and predictive nature.

From generic personality traits and customer service orientation to workplace thinking styles, willingness to learn and leadership capabilities, behavioural and personality assessments can help evaluate different personality aspects of candidates. IGNOU MPC 003 Solved Assignment 2021-22  These tests are very reliable, allowing companies to hire with confidence.

Gone are the days when companies would base their hiring decisions solely on the educational qualifications and work experience of the candidates. The job market, work culture at organizations and the skill requirements to fit a job role have undergone a sea change.

In addition to the educational and technical knowledge, a candidate also needs to possess the right attitude, ability to solve problems, adaptability to fit in the company’s culture and the drive to ultimately succeed in the position.

The traditional assessment practises that include phone screening and/or face-to-face interview make it quite difficult for the recruiters to assess the qualities mentioned earlier.

Considering the time and effort that goes into the hiring process, it is very important that right candidates are selected. IGNOU MPC 003 Solved Assignment 2021-22 Employee retention too is a major issue faced by organizations these days. A wrong selection proves to be an expensive affair monetarily as well as in terms of missed opportunities, lost time and many other factors.

In such a scenario, personality rassessments may prove to be a boon for the recruiters. They are the right tools that will make the entire selection process efficient while delivering the desired results. IGNOU MPC 003 Solved Assignment 2021-22 They can almost accurately analyse the personality traits of the candidates; these assessments make it a cakewalk to decide the candidates’ suitability for the roles they will be hired for.

Our behavioural and personality assessment tests are based on validated and wellresearched psychometric frameworks including the Big Five Personality, Holland’s career Interest, Blake Mouton’s Managerial Grid and Hezberg’s Motivation Model. IGNOU MPC 003 Solved Assignment 2021-22 The scientific designing of the tests allows for an unbiased and thorough understanding of a candidate’s behaviour, capability and social skills making it a breeze to select the right one.

•        We do not stop at offering the foolproof personality assessment; we take care of the entire administration of the test from start to finish. Following are the salient features of MeritTrac’s Behavioural Assessment suite:

•        We have our own assessment platforms that are highly adaptive and designed to help conduct the tests easily, quickly and securely.

•        With plug and play feature, they can be used at the place, time and on the device of your choice including mobile devices.

•        Customizable test catalogues allow coming up with tailor-made tests for every situation in a snap.

•        Detailed analytics are provided after the test that allows recruiters to take an informed and unbiased decision.

Considering the numerous benefits of behavioural assessments, it is necessary that organisations make it a part of their recruitment strategy and process. MeritTrac can help you create and administer behavioural assessment tests for hiring and workforce development based on your requirements.

8. Elucidate the scientific criteria essential for assessment techniques before they are acceptable.

Having pre-determined standards of performance are the most defensible approach to assessment. Without a clear understanding of the subject goals students have a greater chance of becoming confused and wasting time trying to discover what it is we want them to learn.

As you plan your teaching you will make choices on what you think is the best way to learn a particular skill, knowledge or attribute. IGNOU MPC 003 Solved Assignment 2021-22 If you go a small step further and make these goals clear to your students, then the written objectives used in curriculum design will serve a useful purpose in assisting your students' learning. The most direct way students experience what is needed to achieve the subject's learning objectives is through the assessment criteria.

Once the goals of assessment have been determined it is necessary to describe the criteria that will be used to judge whether the desired level of performance has been achieved. Learning objectives consist of three parts:

•        the student action;

•        the content; 

•        the standard required to meet the objective.

Assessment criteria relates to the third part of the objective, the standard of performance.

Criteria are developed by analysing the learning outcomes and identifying the specific characteristics that contribute to the overall assignment. These are the standards by which learning is judged.

Capturing the multiple dimensions of student performance is at the heart of criterion development. A range of diverse performance measures can be formulated for any given performance. The main question is, how many criterion are needed that contain neither irrelevant or miss important areas? The criteria then need to be linked with marks in some form of combined composite score.

 Constructively aligned assessment criteria begin with a noun that complements the verb in the assessment tasks objective. For example, if the objective is for students to "explain how concepts in the subject interrelate" one of the criteria might be "Clarity of explanation". That is, the criterion describes the quality in the assessment task that will be judged during marking. Other commonly used quality words used in criteria include:

Accuracy

Currency

Depth

Impact

Legibility

Originality

Succinctness

Relevance

If there are any attendance or participation requirements they must be prescribed in the relevant subject outline. Students who do not meet the minimum attendance or participation requirements can be refused permission to attempt or be considered for assessment. This can result in the student receiving a "Fail" for that subject. IGNOU MPC 003 Solved Assignment 2021-22 There are provisions in the university rules for making alternative arrangements for circumstances outside of the student's control. Academics should note that Rule 3.8.2 does not provide them with the option of reduce a student's grade or mark as a result of poor attendance or participation.

SECTION – C

Answer the following questions in 50 words each. 10 x 3 = 30 Marks

9. Aptitudes

An aptitude is a component of a competence to do a certain kind of work at a certain level. Outstanding aptitude can be considered "talent." An aptitude may be physical or mental. ... Ability is developed knowledge, understanding, learnt or acquired abilities (skills) or attitude. The innate nature of aptitude is in contrast to skills and achievement, which represent knowledge or ability that is gained through learning. 

10. NEO-PI

The NEO PI-R, the standard questionnaire measure of the Five Factor Model (FFM), provides a systematic assessment of emotional, interpersonal, experiential, attitudinal, and motivational styles--a detailed personality description that can be a valuable resource for a variety of professionals. IGNOU MPC 003 Solved Assignment 2021-22 The NEO PI-R is a concise measure of the five major domains of personality, as well as the six traits or facets that define each domain.

11. Limitations of personality inventories

The Personality Assessment Inventory is a psychological test used to identify abnormal personality characteristics in adults age 18 and older; it's frequently used to collect information regarding clinical diagnoses, screening and treatment of psychological conditions. While the Personality Assessment Inventory is a relatively reliable tool for diagnosing and treating psychological conditions in adults, it is not without limitations.

12. Ayurvedic body types

The key to Ayurvedic wellness and healing is the knowledge that health is not a “one size fits all” proposition. One must understand the unique nature of each person and situation, taking into account the individual, the season, the geography, and so on.

Have you ever wondered why some people are hyperactive while others stay calm? Why some people do not put on weight despite eating more than what is required while others gain weight by eating a simple three course meal? Ayurveda resolves all these questions with the three doshas or body types.

13. Senior Apperception Test

The Senior Apperception Test was administered to 40 older adults of both sexes ranging in age from 61 to 97 years (M age = 78.4 years) to investigate the themes elicited by the 16 SAT stimulus cards. All volunteers were screened to exclude individuals with: 1) cognitive impairments, or 2) any gross auditory, visual, and/or tactile impairment. Results found no consistent pattern of sex differences in responses. A thematic analysis illustrates that content themes depicting affiliation and physical limitations along with themes of dependency and description were the most predominant themes for an institutionalized older adult sample. The majority of the story outcomes were of an ambivalent nature and a neutral tenor. The implications of the results were discussed.

14. Holtzman Inkblot Test

The Holtzman inkblot technique (HIT), also known as the Holtzman inkblot test, is an ink blot test aimed at detecting personality and was conceived by Wayne H. Holtzman and colleagues. It was first introduced in 1961 as a projective personality test similar to the Rorschach. The HIT is a standardized measurement. The Holtzman Inkblot Test was developed as an attempt to address some controversial issues surrounding the Rorschach Inkblot Test.   

15. Growth needs

Within Maslow’s hierarchical organization of motives and theory of personality development (Maslow 1968, 1970), growth needs refer to people’s strivings for selfactualization, knowledge, and understanding. Maslow adapted the concept of selfactualization from Goldstein (1939) and used it to describe a person’s desire to realize his or her latent potential, the striving of one “to become more and more what one idiosyncratically is, to become everything that one is capable of becoming” (Maslow 1970, p. 46). Maslow described the needs for knowledge and understanding as a set of two closely related motives.  

16. Reciprocal determinism

Reciprocal determinism is the theory set forth by psychologist Albert Bandura which states that a person's behavior both influences and is influenced by personal factors and the social environment. Bandura accepts the possibility that an individual's behavior may be conditioned through the use of consequences. MPC 003 Solved Assignment 2021-22 At the same time he asserts that a person's behavior (and personal factors, such as cognitive skills or attitudes) can impact the environment.

17. Principles of behaviour modification

Reciprocal determinism is the theory set forth by psychologist Albert Bandura which states that a person's behavior both influences and is influenced by personal factors and the social environment. MPC 003 Solved Assignment 2021-22 Bandura accepts the possibility that an individual's behavior may be conditioned through the use of consequences. At the same time he asserts that a person's behavior (and personal factors, such as cognitive skills or attitudes) can impact the environment.

18. Personifications

Personification is a figure of speech in which an idea or thing is given human attributes and/or feelings or is spoken of as if it were human. Personification is a common form of metaphor in that human characteristics are attributed to nonhuman things. MPC 003 Solved Assignment 2021-22 This allows writers to create life and motion within inanimate objects, animals, and even abstract ideas by assigning them recognizable human behaviors and emotions.

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Now students have to submit their assignments online to Madhyam before the scheduled date. You can submit your annual assignment through the online link. Through the online submission links issued by the university, you can submit your assignment from home.

How can I submit Ignou assignment online 2021?

The email must carry the following details of the sender:

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IGNOU Assignment Status 2021-22

MPC 003 LIFE SPAN PSYCHOLOGY Solved Assignment 2021-22: Those students who had successfully submitted their Assignments to their allocated study centres can now check their Assignment Status. Alongside assignment status, they will also checkout their assignment marks & result. All this is often available in a web mode. After submitting the assignment, you'll check you IGNOU Assignment Status only after 3-4 weeks. it'd take 40 days to declare.

Those students who had successfully submitted their Assignments to their allocated study centres can now check their Assignment Status. Along with assignment status, they can also checkout their assignment marks & result. MPC 003 Solved Assignment 2021-22 All this is available in an online mode. After submitting the assignment, you can check you IGNOU Assignment Status only after 3-4 weeks. It might take 40 days to declare.

MPC 003  Solved Assignment 2021-22 Here the students can check their IGNOU Assignment Status, marks, result or both the sessions i.e; June & December.

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Here the scholars can check their IGNOU Assignment Status 2020, marks, result or both the sessions i.e; June & December.

MPC 003 Solved Assignment 2021-22 Once the TEE assignments are submitted to the Centres, it's send to the evaluation department. After which the evaluation of IGNOU Assignment Solutions takes place.

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